تحلیل جایگاه کاهش ریسک بلایا در حقوق بینالملل | ||
مطالعات حقوقی | ||
دوره 16، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 52، مرداد 1403، صفحه 331-370 اصل مقاله (1.35 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22099/jls.2024.45228.4856 | ||
نویسنده | ||
اسماء سالاری* | ||
استادیار، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
وقوع حوادث انسانمنشأ یا طبیعت بنیان، همواره آثار و تبعات سهمگینی بر دولتها و جامعه بینالمللی داشته و در دهههای اخیر، نظام حقوق بینالملل را بهسوی خود متوجه کرده است. اگرچه این توجه عمدتاً بر مرحله پس از وقوع بلا تمرکز یافته لکن پیشگیری و آمادگی در برابر حوادث نیز از نظر دور نمانده است. این مقاله با هدف تعیین ماهیت حقوقی کاهش ریسک بلایا و میزان تکلیف دولتها در اِعمال آن و با بهرهگیری از روش دکترینال و نگاه غالباً پوزیتیویستی به بررسی ظرفیتهای حقوق بینالملل پرداخته و به این نتیجه رسید که کاهش ریسک بلایا هنوز بهصورت یک قاعده الزامآور معاهداتی یا عرفی درنیامده است، لکن میتوان سطح محدودی از الزام را بهواسطه ارتباط با برخی موازین حقوق بشر (چون حق حیات) و برخی موازین حقوق بینالملل محیطزیست (مانند مراقبت مقتضی) ادعا کرد. بهعلاوه، بر این واقعیت تأکید میشود که ظرفیت حقوق بینالملل صرفاً معطوف به شکلدهی قواعد الزامآور نیست و این نظام میتواند دولتها را از مجرای اسناد حقوق نرم و بهخصوص با ارائه نمونه قوانین داخلی مؤثر در کاهش ریسک بلایا راهنمایی و هدایت کند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
اصل پیشگیری؛ تعهدات شکلی؛ تعهدات ماهوی؛ حق حیات؛ حقوق بینالملل؛ کاهش ریسک بلایا؛ مراقبت مقتضی | ||
مراجع | ||
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