| تعداد نشریات | 24 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 877 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,864 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 14,656,653 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 12,504,783 |
The performance and inhibitors of the new agricultural extension system: Towards empowering small-scale farmers in Iran | ||
| Iran Agricultural Research | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 41، شماره 2، 2023، صفحه 25-34 اصل مقاله (972.83 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22099/iar.2022.44863.1511 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| N Jafari1؛ E Karami* 1؛ M Keshavarz2؛ Sh Karami1 | ||
| 1Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. Iran | ||
| 2Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I.R. Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Agriculture is an essential instrument for development, poverty alleviation, and food security in developing countries, such as Iran. The agricultural sector of Iran is dominated by small-scale farming, and the yield of most crops is low. A well-designed and well-functioning agricultural extension system can facilitate the transition toward productive, profitable, and sustainable agriculture. However, the top-down agricultural extension system of Iran has left most smallholder and resource-poor farmers with no access to advisory services, and their problems have remained unresolved. The new agricultural extension system (NAES) was initiated in 2014 to better respond to the problems of smallholder farmers. However, there is still no definite reflection on the influences of the NAES on agricultural development. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the NAES. Also, it purposed to identify the blocking mechanisms hindering the NAES’ function. In this regard, qualitative research was planned and conducted in Fars Province, Southern Iran. The findings revealed that NAES has managed to enhance the availability of extension services for smallholder farmers, improve the productivity and profitability of agriculture, and reduce livelihood vulnerability. However, it has failed in facilitating access to remunerative markets, mobilizing sustainable financial and human resources, and being entirely demand-driven because of financial, physical, institutional, market, natural, informational, capability, and psychological constraints. Some recommendations and implications are offered to improve the effectiveness of the NAES. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Agricultural systems؛ Blocking mechanisms؛ Merits and failures؛ New agricultural extension system؛ Small-scale farmers | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Ahmadvand, M., & Karami, E. (2007). Sustainable agriculture: Towards a conflict management based agricultural extension. Journal of Applied Sciences, 7(24), 3880-3890. Alizadeh, N., Alipour, H., Nikooei, A., Hajimirrahimi, D., Bakhshi Jahromi, A., & Hasanpour, B. (2018). Identification of challenges and requirements of the agricultural extension and pathology of the current status of the new agricultural extension system of Iran. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 14(2), 21-35. (In Persian) Amirani, M. H. (1996). The evolution of natural resources’ extension in Iran. Jihad, 190 & 191, 65-74. (In Persian) Amiri Ardakani M. (2009). Farmers’ field schools: An alternative approach in agricultural extension, Karaj: Agricultural Education Press. (In Persian) Anang, B. T., Bäckman, S., & Sipiläinen, T. (2020). Adoption and income effects of agricultural extension in northern Ghana. Scientific African, 7, e00219. Ansari, N. (2017). Attitudes of the Fars agricultural specialists towards the impacts of new agricultural extension system (Master’s thesis, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran). (In Persian) Babu, D. S., Srivastava,V. Nidheesh, P. V. & Kumar, M. S. (2019). Detoxification of water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes. Science of the Total Environment, 696, 133961. Baloch, M. A., & Thapa, G. B. (2019). Review of the agricultural extension modes and services with the focus to Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18, 188-194. Borremans, L., Marchand, F., Visser, M., & Wauters, E. (2018). Nurturing agroforestry systems in Flanders: Analysis from an agricultural innovation systems perspective. Agricultural Systems, 162, 205-219. Etemadi, M., & Karami, E. (2016). Organic fig growers' adaptation and vulnerability to drought. Journal of Arid Environments, 124, 142-149. Forouzani, M., & Karami, E. (2011). Agricultural water poverty index and sustainability. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 31, 415–431. doi: 10.1051/agro/2010026. Hayati, D., & Karami, E. (2005). Agricultural extension and poverty in Iran: Past, present and future. Journal of Extension Systems, 22, 53-68. Iravani, H. (1991). A history of agricultural education and extension in Iran, Mashhad: Mashhad Publishing. (In Persian) Karami, E. (1986). Agricultural extension in development theory: Some conceptual and empirical considerations. Journal of Extension Systems, 2(2), 61-69. Karami, E. (1993). Alternative agricultural extension objectives. Agricultural Progress, 68, 15-23. Karami, E. (2006). Appropriateness of farmers’ adoption of irrigation methods: The application of the AHP model. Agricultural Systems, 87(1), 101-119. Karimi, V., Karami, E., Karami, S. & Keshavarz, M. (2020). Adaptation to climate change through agricultural paradigm shift. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 5465–5485. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00825-8. Keshavarz, M., Maleksaeidi, H., & Karami, E. (2017). Livelihood vulnerability to drought: A case of rural Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 223-230. Lamprinopoulou, C., Renwick, A., Klerkx, L., Hermans, F., & Roep, D. (2014). Application of an integrated systemic framework for analysing agricultural innovation systems and informing innovation policies: Comparing the Dutch and Scottish agrifood sectors. Agricultural Systems, 129, 40-54. Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: What is causing the looming crisis? Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 4, 315-328. Maddah, V., Soltani, A., Zeinali E., & Bannayan, M. (2015). Simulating climate change impacts on wheat production in Gorgan, Iran. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 4, 58-67. Malek-Mohammadi, I. (1993). Foundations of agricultural extension. Tehran: Tehran University Publishing Center. (In Persian). Minh, T. T. (2019). Unpacking the systemic problems and blocking mechanisms of a regional agricultural innovation system: An integrated regional-functional-structural analysis. Agricultural Systems, 173, 268-280. Namyenya, A., Zeller, M., Rwamigisa, P. B., & Birner, R. (2021). Analysing the performance of agricultural extension managers: A case study from Uganda. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 28(3), 363-389. doi: 10.1080/1389224X.2021.1932539. Nazari, B., Liaghat, A., Akbari, M. R., & Keshavarz, M. (2018). Irrigation water management in Iran: Strategic planning for improving water use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management, 208, 7-18. Ranaei Kordshouli, H., & Mortazavi, M. (2016). Structural reform in the agricultural extension system of Iran. Iran’s Ministry of Agricultural Jihad. Accessed 9 Sep 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.agrilib.ir/book_1894.pdf. (In Persian) Reed, M. S., Graves, A., Norman, D., Posthumus, H., Hubacek, K., Morris, J., Prell, C., Quinn, C. H., & Stringer, L. C. (2009). Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 1933-1949. Rezaei-Moghaddam, K., & Karami, E. (2008a). A multiple criteria evaluation of sustainable agricultural development models using AHP. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10, 407-426. Rezaei-Moghaddam, K., & Karami, E. (2008b). Developing a green agricultural extension theory. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 3(3), 242-256. Statistical Center of Iran. (2019). Statistical year book of Iran. Accessed 4 Sep 2020. Retrieved from: http://www.amar.org.ir. (In Persian) Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. USA: Sage Publication, Inc. Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research design and methods, third ed. USA: Sage Publication, Inc. Zamanipour, A. (1994). Agricultural extension in the process of development. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University Press. (In Persian) Zarafshani, K., Maleki, T., & Keshavarz, M. (2020). Assessing the vulnerability of farm families towards drought in Iran. GeoJournal, 85, 823–836, doi: 10.1007/s10708-019-09994-0 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 500 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 787 |
||