| تعداد نشریات | 24 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 851 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,560 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 13,356,633 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 11,554,336 |
Sexual Trauma and the Spiritual Experience: Rabiʿa al-A’dawiyya and Margery Kempe | ||
| Persian Literary Studies Journal | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 3، شماره 4، آبان 2014، صفحه 73-92 اصل مقاله (162.51 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Papers | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22099/jps.2015.2907 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Claudia Yaghoobi* | ||
| Department of English and Rhetoric, Georgia College and State University | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Rabiʿa al-Aʿdawiyya (717-801 A.D.) the first female Sufi in the Muslim world, who introduced the concept of ‘love’ into mysticism, was popular for her witticism, sharp reprimands of her contemporary male Sufis and her gender-bending practices. In ʿAttar’s Tadhkirat al-Awliya, Rabiʿa is portrayed as a challenger of the established gender norms of her day. Rabiʿa’s crossing of gender boundaries and her mysticism presented in ʿAttar’s works can be regarded as defense mechanisms employed against her experience of exploitation as a slave and for the sake of necessity to transcend her limited gender identity and feminine sexuality as well as her inability to reach liberation that she longed for. In order to get a more nuanced view of female mystics’ gender transgression, I will also examine similar gender transgression in Rabiʿa’s Christian counterpart, the English Margery Kempe (1373-1438). Margery is known for having written The Book of Margery Kempe. Margery’s public expression of spirituality as a laywoman was unusual compared to the more traditional holy exemplars of her time. Margery’s spiritual career began past her traumatic childbirth experience which resulted in her developing abject feelings about femininity and motherhood. The book shows Margery, like Rabiʿa in her days, crossing gender boundaries of her time and reshaping her identity so as to re-enter the world as a new subject. I argue that the power of divine love and the encounter with the divine Other allowed these two women to transgress gender boundaries, de- and reconstruct their identities through annihilation of their self, rediscover the ultimate Reality, and unite with the divine. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Sufism؛ Sexuality؛ Gender-bending؛ mysticism؛ Womanhood | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Primary Sources:
ʿAttar, Farid al-Din. Tadhkirat al-Awliya. Ed. Reynold A. Nicholson. London: Luzac and Co, 1905.
---. Farīd al-Din ʿAttar’s Memorial of God’s Friends: Lives and Sayings of Sufis. Trans. Paul Losensky. New York, Mahwah: Paulist Press, 2009.
Augustine, St. City of God. Trans. Henry Bettenson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.
Makki, Abu Talib Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī, al-. Qut al-Qulub. Cairo, A. H. 1310 [1892].
Meech, Stanford B. and Hope Emily Allen, eds. The Book of Margery Kempe. London: Oxford University Press, 1940.
Staley, Lynn, ed. and trans. The Book of Margery Kempe. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 2001.
Secondary Sources:
Afary, Janet. Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Ahmed, Leila. “Early Islam and the Position of Women: The Problem of Interpretation.” Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Eds. Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1991. 58-73.
---. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1992.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1977.
Brison, Susan J. “Surviving Sexual Violence: A Philosophical Perspective.” Violence Against Women: Philosophical Perspectives. Eds. Stanley G. French, Wanda Teays and Laura M. Purdy. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press, 1998. 11-26.
Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy fast, Holy feast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988.
---. Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion. New York: Zone Books, 1994.
Elliott, Dyan. Spiritual Marriage: Sexual Abstinence in Medieval Wedlock. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Heath, Jennifer. The Scimitar and the Veil: Extraordinary Women of Islam. Mahwah, New Jersey: Hidden Spring Books, 2004.
Hellwarth, Jennifer Wynne. The Reproductive Unconscious in Medieval and Early Modern England. Ed. Francis G. Gentry. New York, London: Routledge Series, 2002.
Hollywood, Amy. Sensible Ecstasy: Mysticism, Sexual Difference, And The Demands of History.
Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Keddie, Nikki R. “Introduction: Deciphering Middle Eastern Women’s History.” Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. Eds Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron. New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1991. 1-22.
---. Women in Middle East: Past and Present. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007.
Lacan, Jacques. “Das Ding.” The seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VII: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis 1959-1960. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. Trans. Dennis Porter. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1986. 43-56.
---. Encore: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book XX, On Feminine Sexuality, The Limits of Love And Knowledge, 1972-1973. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company Inc., 1999.
Lochrie, Karma. Margery Kempe and Translations of the Flesh. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1994.
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxiety of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2005.
Nashat, Guity, and Judith E. Tucker, eds. The Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History. Bloomingdale, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1999.
Smith, Margaret. Rabiʿa the Mystic and Her Fellow-Saints in Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Voaden, Rosalynn. God’s Words, Women’s Voices: The Discernment of Spirits in the Writing of Late- Medieval Women Visionaries. York: York Medieval Press,1999.
Williams, Tara. Inventing Womanhood: Gender and Language in Later Middle English Writing. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2011.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 3,010 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,478 |
||