| تعداد نشریات | 24 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 916 |
| تعداد مقالات | 8,202 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 15,918,411 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 13,469,135 |
Investigating the Effect of Strain on Deformation Behavior and Microstructural Evolutions During Non-Isothermal Hot Compression of Ti‑6Al‑4V Alloy | ||
| Iranian Journal of Materials Forming | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 07 مرداد 1405 اصل مقاله (2.14 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22099/ijmf.2026.55932.1379 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Mahnaz Jafari1؛ Gholamreza Ebrahimi* 1؛ Seyed Mahmood Fatemi2؛ Amir Momeni3؛ Mohammad Mazinani1 | ||
| 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Campus Diagonal Besòs-EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain | ||
| 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a two-phase alloy that has excellent mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. This alloy is widely used in the manufacture of aircraft engine components such as fan blade frames and fan discs. In the present study, the non‑isothermal deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the effect of strain on its microstructural evolution were investigated. For this purpose, samples were compressed at a constant strain rate of 0.01 s⁻¹ under non‑isothermal conditions with a cooling rate of about 0.6 °C/s, starting from 950 °C. The effect of increasing strain on the volume fraction of secondary alpha lamellae, their aspect ratio, and their thickness was examined by interrupting the test at strain levels of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8. The results showed that during non‑isothermal deformation, the volume fraction of the secondary alpha lamellae increases significantly with increasing applied strain. Regardless of the temperature drop, deformation promotes the formation of numerous fine needle‑shaped secondary alpha lamellae. The microstructural observations showed that the volume fraction of alpha lamellae increased by about 10.5%, in the sample deformed to a strain of 0.8. As the strain increases, the aspect ratio of the secondary alpha lamellae decreases. At a strain of 0.8, 54% of the alpha lamellae exhibit an aspect ratio of less than 2.5. At low applied strains (up to 0.4), the dominant effect of strain is the increase in the volume fraction of secondary alpha, and the prevailing mechanism of alpha‑lamella spheroidization is the fragmentation of the lamellae through buckling. However, at higher strains (0.4-0.8), the dominant deformation mechanism shifts, and spheroidization of the alpha lamellae mainly occurs through the formation of thermal grooves and boundary splitting. In addition, at low strains (0.2-0.4), both the formation rate of secondary alpha lamellae and their spheroidization rate are higher than those observed at larger strains (0.4-0.8). | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Hot deformation؛ Non-isothermal compression؛ Spheroidization؛ Ti-6Al-4V alloy؛ Secondary alpha | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
[1] Bambach, M. D., Seiferta, D., & Sizov, I. (2020). Intensive forming of grade 5 titanium bars with increased performance for aerospace applications. Procedia Manufacturing, 47, 288-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.229
[2] Liu, C. C., Li, Y. H. Z., Gu, J., & Song, M. (2024). Phase transformation in titanium alloys: A review. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 34(10), 3039-3117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66597-0
[3] Gao, P., Fu, M., Zhan, M., Lei, Z., & Li, Y. (2020). Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of titanium alloys with lamellar microstructure in hot working process: A review. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 39, 56-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.07.052
[4] Zhang, J., Li, H., & Zhan, M. (2020). Review on globularization of titanium alloy with lamellar colony. Manufacturing Review, 7, 18. https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2020015
[5] Kim, J. Y., Park, K. T., Shim, I. O., & Hong, S. H. (2008). Globularization behavior of ELI grade Ti-6Al-4V alloy during non-isothermal multi-step forging. Materials Transactions, 49(1), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MER2007224
[6] Fan, X. G., Meng, M., Gao, P. F., & Zhan, M. (2018). Coupled effects of deformation and cooling on the evolution of primary and secondary alpha of two-phase Ti-alloys. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 710, 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.106
[7] Li, J., Li, X., Cao, F., Li, Z., Chen, P., & Chen, L. (2024). Effect of deformation and cooling on non-equilibrium microstructure evolution and phase transition mechanism of Ti-6Al-2.5V-1.5Cr-0.5Fe-0.3Si. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 33, 6656-6666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.11.044
[8] Li, J., Wang, A., Li, X., Chen, P., Wang, B., & Li, Z. (2025). Evolution of secondary α phase in TC6 alloy under different deformation and cooling conditions in non-isothermal deformation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1040, 183480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.183480
[9] Chen, J., Li, J., Tang, B., Chen, Y., & Kou, H. (2019). Microstructure and texture evolution of a near β titanium alloy Ti-7333 during continuous cooling hot deformation. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 29(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2019.01.003
[10] Meng, M., Fan, X. G., Yang, H., Guo, L. G., Zhan, M., & Gao, P. F. (2017). Precipitation of secondary alpha in competition with epitaxial growth of primary alpha in two-phase titanium alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 714, 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.209
[11] Lu, H., Wang, S., Mi, C., Zhang, H., Guo, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, X. (2024). The space of secondary α phase significantly affects the mechanical properties of metastable β-type Ti-4V-2Mo-2Fe alloy. Materials Letters, 373, 137148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2024.137148
[12] Ji, X., Yu, H., Guo, B., Jiang, F., Fu, D., Teng, J., Zhang, H., & Jonas, J. J. (2020). Post-dynamic α to β phase transformation and reverse transformation of Ti-5Al-3V alloy after hot deformation in two phase region. Materials and Design, 188, 108466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108466
[13] Xu, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, N., Qiu, R., Cui, Z., & Fu, M. (2023). Mechanisms of macrozone elimination and grain refinement of near α Ti alloy via the spheroidization of the Widmannstätten structure. Acta Materialia, 260, 119339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119339
[14] Liang, Z., Miao, J., Huang, X., Zhang, F., Williams, J. C., & Luo, A. A. (2022). Kinetically induced fine secondary ɑ-Ti phase formation in a novel as-cast titanium alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 53(10), 3536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06775-2
[15] Banerjee, D., Pilchak, A., & Williams, J. C. (2012). Processing, structure, texture and micro-texture in titanium alloys. Materials Science Forum, 710, 66-84. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.710.66
[16] Lin, Y. C., Xiao, Y. W., Jiang, Y. Q., Pang, G. D., Li, H. B., Zhang, X. Y., & Zhou, K. C. (2020). Spheroidization and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of Ti-55511 alloy with bimodal microstructures during hot compression in α + β region. Materials Science & Engineering: A, 782, 139282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139282
[17] Meng, M., Fan, X. G., Gao, P. F., Guo, L. G., Zhan, M., & Wei, K. (2017). Microstructure evolution in near isothermal forming of titanium alloy component. Procedia Engineering, 207, 2173-2178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.977
[18] Kedia1, B., Balasundar, I., & Raghu, T. (2018). Globularisation of ɑ lamellae in titanium alloy: Effect of strain, strain path and starting microstructure. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 71(7), 1791-1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-018-1323-y
[19] Chong, Y., Bhattacharjee, T., Gholizadeh, R., Yi, J., & Tsuji, N. (2019). Investigation on the hot deformation behaviors and globularization mechanisms of lamellar Ti-6Al-4V alloy within a wide range of deformation temperatures. Materialia, 8, 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100480
[20] Xu, X., Zhang, B., Xue, J., Li, F., Su, S., & Chang, H. (2024). Microstructural characteristics and recrystallization mechanism of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy during two-stage hot deformation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 30, 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.120
[21] Zhang, J., Xu, X., Xue, J., Liu, S., Deng, Q., Li, F., Ding, J., Wang, H., & Chang, H. (2022). Hot deformation characteristics and mechanism understanding of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zre-6Mo titanium alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 20, 2591-2610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.044
[22] Zherebtsov, S., Murzinova, M., Salishchev, G., & Semiatin, S. L. (2011). Spheroidization of the lamellar microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V alloy during warm deformation and annealing. Acta Materialia, 59(10), 4138-4150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.03.037
[23] Germain, L., Gey, N., Humbert, M., Vo, P., Jahazi, M., & Bocher, P. (2008). Texture heterogeneities induced by subtransus processing of near ɑ titanium alloys. Acta Materialia, 56(16), 4298-4308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2008.04.065
[24] Tamizifar, M., Omidvar, H., Salehi, S. M. T., Salehpour, Z., & Khoshkalam, O. (2002). Effect of processing parameters on shear bands in non-isothermal hot forging of Ti-6Al-4V. Materials Science and Technology,18(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708301125000168
[25] Oh, J. M., Hong, J. K., Yeom, J. T., Lee, S. W., Kim, E. Y., Kang, N., & Park, C. H. (2020). Accelerated formation of an ultrafine-grained structure in a two-phase Ti alloy during compression with decreasing temperatures. Philosophical Magazine, 100(12), 1569-1584. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2020.1728414
[26] Li, R., Ding, Y., Ji, R., Chen, L., & Mao, J. (2025). The accelerated globularization kinetics of titanium alloys with lamellar microstructure: A brief review. Journal of Materials Science, 60(1), 98-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-10536-4
[27] Gao, P. F., Yang, H., Fan, X. G., & Yan, S. L. (2012). Microstructure evolution in the local loading forming of TA15 titanium alloy under non-isothermal condition. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 212(11), 2520-2528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.04.019
[28] Zhu, S., Yang, H., Guo, L. G., & Fan, X. G. (2012). Effect of cooling rate on microstructure evolution during α/β heat treatment of TA15 titanium alloy. Materials Characterization, 70, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.05.009
[29] Callegari, B., Oliveira, J. P., Coelho, R. S., Brito, P. P., Schellf, N., Solder, F. A., Mücklich, F., Sadikg, M. I., Garcíag, J. L., & Pinto, H. C. (2020). New insights into the microstructural evolution of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy during hot working. Materials Characterization, 162, 110180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110180
[30] Banerjee, D., & Williams, J. C. (2013). Perspectives on titanium science and technology. Acta Materialia, 61(3), 844-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.043
[31] Kim, Y., Young, H. J., Park, J., Kim, K., Kwon, H., Ju, G., & Kim, N. (2023). Optimizing process parameters for hot forging of Ti-6242 alloy: A machine learning and FEM simulation approach. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 27, 8228-8243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.11.193
[32] Perumal, B., Rist, M. A., Gungor, S., Brooks, J. W., & Fitzpatrick, M. E. (2016). The effect of hot deformation parameters on microstructure evolution of the ɑ-phase in Ti-6Al-4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47(8), 4128-4136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3552-1
[33] Guo, B., Semiatin, S. L., & Jonas, J. J. (2019). Dynamic transformation during the high temperature deformation of two-phase titanium alloys. Materials Science & Engineering A, 761, 138047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.13804
[34] Fan, X. G., Yang, H., & Gao, P. (2014). The mechanism of flow softening in subtransus hot working of two-phase titanium alloy with equiaxed structure. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59(23), 2859-2867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0332-4
[35] Luo, J., Ye, P., Han, W. C., & Li, M. Q. (2018). Collaborative behavior in α lamellae and β phase evolution and its effect on the globularization of TC17 alloy. Materials and Design, 146, 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.020
[36] Wang, L., Fan, X. G., Zhan, M., Jiang, X. Q., Liang, Y. F., Zheng, H. J., & Liang, W. J. (2021). Revisiting the lamellar globularization behavior of a two-phase titanium alloy from the perspective of deformation modes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 289, 116963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116963
[37] Li, X., Ouyang, D., & Zhang, K. (2024). Hot deformation characteristic of TC21 titanium alloy with lamellar microstructure. Materials Today Communications, 39, 108709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.108709
[38] Sua, J., Jia, X., Xiea, H., Tanga, J., Jianga, F., Fua, D., Tenga, J., & Zhang, H. (2022). Constitutive and microstructural characteristics of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy during isothermal and non-isothermal multi-stage hot deformation across different phase regions. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 908, 164647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164647
[39] Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Si, K., Xin, S., Zhang, S., Hou, F., Zhang, K., Hai, J., Xiao, L., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Huang, A., & Zhang, L. C. (2024). Microstructure refinement induced by elastic compressive stress in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 981, 173700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.173700
[40] Wang, K., & Li, M. Q. (2014). Effects of heat treatment and hot deformation on the secondary α phase evolution of TC8 titanium alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 613, 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.06.056
[41] Yu, W. X., Li, M. Q., & Luo, J. (2010). Effect of deformation parameters on the precipitation mechanism of secondary α phase under high temperature isothermal compression of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527(16-17), 4210-4217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.024
[42] Xu, J., Zeng, W., Zhu, Z., Li, M., Du, J., He, S., & Wang, X. (2023). Precipitation and evolution behaviors of grain boundary ɑ and ɑ side plates for ultra-high strength titanium alloy during continuous cooling. Materials & Design, 225, 111562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111562
[43] Guo, Y., Dong, R., Li, C., Yang, L., Hou, H., & Zhao, Y. (2025). Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of an (α + β) titanium alloy subjected to cyclic multi-directional forging. Materials Characterization, 230, 115772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115772
[44] Abbasi, S. M., & Momeni, A. (2011). Effect of hot working and post-deformation heat treatment on microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 21, 1728-1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)60922-9
[45] Momeni, A., Abbasi, S. M., & Morakabati, M. (2016). Flow softening behavior of Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al beta Ti alloy in double-hit hot compression tests. Journal of Materials Research, 31, 3900-3906. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.430
[46] Abbasi, S. M., Momeni, A., Lin, Y. C., & Jafarian, H. R. (2016). Dynamic softening mechanism in Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al beta Ti alloy during hot compressive deformation. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 665, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.040
[47] Kulakov, M., Rahimi, S., & Semiatin, S. L. (2021). Effect of deformation heating on microstructure evolution during hot forging of Ti-6Al-4V. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 53(2), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06493-1 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 17 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 33 |
||