Ahmadi, A. (2024). The Role of Pakistan in the Security of Afghanistan and South Asia. Kabul: Afghanistan Studies Center, pp. 35–78. [In Persian].
Akbari, N. (2025). Shadow Economy and Informal Diplomacy of the Taliban. Kabul: Kabul University, Faculty of Political Science, pp. 23–60. [In Persian].
Al-Tamimi, A. (2025). Turkey and Saudi Arabia’s expanding economic and political influence in post‑U.S. Afghanistan. Trends Research Journal, 12(1), 33–47.
Amani, M. (2024). Security Developments in Afghanistan after the U.S. Withdrawal. Tehran: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 12–45. [In Persian].
Amarasingam, A. (2023). ISIS-K and the security landscape in Afghanistan post-2021. Journal of Terrorism Studies, 15(2), 45–60.
Azizi, K. (2025). Migration and Economic Pressures on Afghanistan’s Neighboring Countries. Mashhad: Social Research Publications, pp. 40–82. [In Persian].
Ben Haj Rehaiem, M. (2025). Afghanistan’s strategic position in post‑American geopolitics. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciencedirect.2025.
Buzan, B. (1991). People, states, and fear: An agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Garbuzarova, N. (2021). Iran’s strategic influence in Afghanistan and regional security dynamics. RUDN Journal of International Relations, 21(3), 45–61.
Ghasemi, H. (2025). Intelligence and Security Cooperation in West Asia. Tehran: National Security Research Institute, pp. 30–75. [In Persian].
Ghorbani, Y. (2024). Economic and Political Influence of Turkey in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Tehran: Regional Studies Publications, pp. 25–65. [In Persian].
Giustozzi, A. (2022). The Taliban’s rise and the future of Afghan security. London: Hurst & Co.
Heidari, M. (2025). Afghanistan and West Asia Security Dynamics after the U.S. Withdrawal. Tehran: Regional Policy Press, pp. 10–55. [In Persian].
Institute for Eastern Studies (2025). Security Developments in Afghanistan and Its Impact on West Asia. Tehran: Institute for Eastern Studies, pp. 15–60. [In Persian].
Nikpey, A. (2024). Russia and Central Asian Security after the U.S. Withdrawal. Tehran: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 10–50. [In Persian].
Rahimi, R. (2024). Collapse of the Republic and the Transfer of Power to the Taliban. Tehran: Political Science Press. [In Persian].
Rahmani, A. (2025). China’s Role in Economic and Energy Connectivity Projects in Central Asia. Tehran: University of Tehran Press, pp. 30–75. [In Persian].
Rana, S. (2023). Pakistan-Afghanistan security challenges and TTP insurgency. South Asian Strategic Studies, 17(2), 55–70.
Rashid, A. (2025). The Taliban and regional security dynamics. International Affairs Review, 101(3), 40–58.
Rashinayti, F. (2024). Tripartite Security Cooperation of Iran, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tehran: West Asia Studies Research Institute, pp. 50–92. [In Persian].
Rasooli, M. (2024). Regional power competition and terrorism in Afghanistan. Central Asian Security Review, 12(1), 81–95.
Rasouli, A. (2025). The U.S. Presence Vacuum and Regional Competition in Afghanistan. Kabul: Kabul University, Security Studies Research Center, pp. 20–65. [In Persian].
Rubin, B. R. (2022). Afghanistan after 2021: Security transitions and regional implications. New York: Columbia University Press.
Saeed Hosseini (2024). China’s Pragmatic Approach in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Tehran: Strategic Research Publications, pp. 20–60. [In Persian].
Safari, S. (2024). Security of Iran’s Eastern Borders and Its Impact on Afghanistan’s Stability. Tehran: Middle East Studies Center, pp. 15–50. [In Persian].
Sajadi, F. (2024). ISIS–Khorasan Group and Regional Threats. Tehran: Security Studies Research Institute, pp. 45–80. [In Persian].
Sayed, H. (2023). Terrorist threats and power struggles in post-US Afghanistan. Journal of Middle Eastern Security, 9(1), 10–22.
Schmeidl, S. (2022). Humanitarian crises and migration from Afghanistan. Refugee Studies Quarterly, 34(4), 88–103.
Shahab Pirouzi (2024). Drug Trafficking and Regional Security after 2021. Kabul: Security Studies Institute, pp. 55–95. [In Persian].
Sohrabi, M. (2025). Internal Challenges in Afghanistan after the U.S. Withdrawal. Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Press, pp. 30–70. [In Persian].
Specialeurasia.com. (2025). The role of extraregional powers in Afghanistan: US, Russia, and China. Special Eurasia. Retrieved from.
World Bank. (2024). Afghanistan Economic Monitor. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Yousefnia, K. (2025). Geopolitical Competition between Russia and the United States in Central Asia. Tehran: Security Studies Press, pp. 35–75. [In Persian].
Zarei, H. (2025). Saudi Arabia’s Influence in Afghanistan and West Asia. Tehran: Regional Publications, pp. 25–60. [In Persian].