احمدی بختیاری، دلارام و محمودی، سید هادی. (1404). چالشهای دعاوی مسئولیت بینالمللی مشترک در محاکم بینالمللی. فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، 55(2)، 1035-1055. doi: 10.22059/jplsq.2024.373675.3496
حدادی، مهدی. (1397). معاونت در ارتکاب فعل متخلفانه بینالمللی دولت در طرح مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت 2001. مطالعات حقوقی، 10(4)، 1-30.
حسینی نژاد، حسینقلی. (1376). نگاهی به دادگاه اروپایی حقوق بشر. مجله حقوقی بینالمللی، 16(22)، 143-152. doi: 10.22066/cilamag.1998.18169
راعی، مسعود. (1388). کنترل کلی یا کنترل مؤثر عاملی برای تحقق مسئولیت بینالمللی دولتها؟. مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، 39(3)، 151-164.
زمانی، سید قاسم. (1391). مسئولیت بینالمللی دولتها در قبال اعمال شرکتهای خصوصی از منظر رویه قضایی و داوری بینالمللی. پژوهش حقوق عمومی، 15(40), 115-140.
ذاکر حسین، محمدهادی. (1403). شهرکسازی و شهرکنشینی در مناطق اشغالی از منظر حقوق کیفری بینالمللی. مطالعات حقوقی، 16(1)، 391-426.
سادات اخوی، سید علی و حسینی اکبر نژاد، حوریه. (1388). اِعمال فرا سرزمینی کنوانسیون اروپایی حقوق بشر در رویه قضایی دیوان اروپایی حقوق بشر. مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، 39(4)، 233-256.
سبحانی، مهین و باقری، نادیا. (1399). ماهیت و انواع مسئولیت معاونت در دیوانهای بینالمللی کیفری. مطالعات حقوقی، 12(2)، 131-162. doi: 10.22099/jls.2020.34341.3531
ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا و ترازی، نسرین. (1400). تحلیل قواعد انتساب در مسئولیت مشترک بینالمللی. فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، 51(1)، 81-102.
ملکی زاده، امیرحسین. (1392). ضابطه کنترل در نظام مسئولیت بینالمللی؛ وحدت یا تعارض رویه قضایی بینالمللی. مجله حقوقی دادگستری، 77(82)، 160-191.
References
Abilova, F., & Mirzayev, F. (2022, July 4). Who has effective control in Azerbaijan's Karabakh region? EJIL: Talk! https://www.ejiltalk.org/who-has-effective-control-in-azerbaijans-karabakh-region/
Ahmadi Bakhtiari, D., & Mahmoudi, S. H. (2025). The challenges of litigating joint international responsibility before international judicial bodies. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 55(2), 1035–1055. https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2024.373675.3496, (In Persian).
Atlantic Council. (2025, June 16). Twenty questions (and expert answers) on the Israel-Iran war. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/twenty-questions-and-expert-answers-on-the-israel-iran-war/
Atlantic Council. (2025, July 30). What the Israel-Iran conflict revealed about wartime cyber operations. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/what-the-israel-iran-conflict-revealed-about-wartime-cyber-operations/
Aust, H. P. (2016). The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and attribution. German Yearbook of International Law, 59, 123–145.
Boutin, B. (2022). Attributing conduct in the law of state responsibility: Lessons from Dutch courts applying the control standard in the context of international military operations. Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 37(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.546
Crawford, J. (2013). State responsibility: The general part. Cambridge University Press.
De Schutter, O. (2011). Human rights and the rise of international organisations. Human Rights and International Legal Discourse, 5(1), 51–67.
Dinstein, Y. (2017). War, aggression and self-defence (6th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Gaja, G. (2005). Third report on responsibility of international organizations. UN Doc. A/CN.4/553. https://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_553.pdf
Galand, R. (2022, April 8). Azerbaijan v. Armenia before the European Court of Human Rights: Revisiting the effective control test after the "44-Day War". Opinio Juris. http://opiniojuris.org/2022/04/08/azerbaijan-v-armenia-before-the-european-court-of-human-rights-revisiting-the-effective-control-test-after-the-44-day-war/
Hadadi, M. (2019). Complicity in Committing Internationally Wrongful Acts in the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States 2001. Journal of Legal Studies, 10(4), 1-30. doi: 10.22099/jls.2019.29680.2962 (In Persian).
Henckaerts, J.-M., & Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Customary international humanitarian law (Vol. I: Rules). Cambridge University Press / ICRC.
Hosseini-Nejad, H. (1998). A look at the European Court of Human Rights. International Law Journal, 16(22), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.22066/cilamag.1998.18169, (In Persian).
International Law Commission. (2001). Draft articles on responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts, with commentaries. UN Doc. A/56/10. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf
International Law Commission. (2011). Draft articles on responsibility of international organizations, with commentaries. UN Doc. A/66/10. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_11_2011.pdf
Knuckey, J. (2014, September 16). Hassan v. UK: A new approach to security detention in armed conflict? Just Security. https://www.justsecurity.org/15018/hassan-v-uk-new-approach-security-detention-armed-conflict/
Lavrysen, L. (2016). Human rights in a positive state: Rethinking the relationship between positive obligations and the European Convention on Human Rights. Intersentia.
Longobardo, M. (2022). The 2021 ECtHR decision in Georgia v Russia (II) and the application of human rights law to extraterritorial hostilities. Israel Law Review, 55(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223721000233
Longobardo, M. (2022). Occupation and attribution in Ukraine v. Russia. Leiden Journal of International Law, 35(2), 345–367.
Milanović, M. (2011, July 7). European Court decides Al-Skeini and Al-Jedda. EJIL: Talk! https://www.ejiltalk.org/european-court-decides-al-skeini-and-al-jedda/
Milanović, M. (2011). Extraterritorial application of human rights treaties: Law, principles, and policy. Oxford University Press.
Milanović, M. (2021). Intelligence sharing in multinational military operations and complicity under international law. International Law Studies, 97, 1099–1127. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3930712
Molkizadeh, A. H. (2013). The control standard in the system of international responsibility: unity or conflict in international judicial practice. Judiciary Legal Journal, 77(82), 160–191. https://doi.org/10.22106/jlj.2013.10830, (In Persian).
Newsweek. (2025, June 18). Full list of U.S. military deployments that point to war with Iran. https://www.newsweek.com/full-list-us-military-deployments-that-point-war-iran-2087171
Nollkaemper, A. (2020). Special rules of attribution of conduct in international law. International Law Studies, 96, 1–64. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ils/vol96/iss1/1
Nollkaemper, A., & Jacobs, D. (Eds.). (2015). Distribution of responsibilities in international law. Cambridge University Press.
Nollkaemper, A., Plakokefalos, I., Schechinger, J. N. M., & Ryngaert, C. (2020). Guiding principles on shared responsibility in international law. European Journal of International Law, 31(1), 15–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa017
Politico. (2025, June 22). Bank hacks, internet shutdowns and crypto heists: Here’s how the war between Israel and Iran is playing out in cyberspace. https://www.politico.com/news/2025/06/22/us-israel-iran-war-cyber-attacks-00417782
Promo-LEX. (2025, July 16). Russia refuses to comply with ECHR judgments in Transnistrian cases. IPN. https://ipn.md/en/promo-lex-russia-refuses-to-comply-with-echr-judgments-in-transnistrian-cases/
Raei, M. (2009). General control or effective control as a factor for realizing state responsibility? Journal of Private Law Studies, 39(3), 151–164. (In Persian).
Reinisch, A. (2010). Aid or assistance and direction and control between states and international organizations in the commission of internationally wrongful acts. International Organizations Law Review, 7, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1163/157237410X543332
Risini, I. (2018). Aid and control in Mozer. International Organizations Law Review, 15(2), 234–256.
Risini, I. (2021). January 28). Human rights in the line of fire: Georgia v Russia (II) before the European Court of Human Rights. (Seen at 12 October 2025), Verfassungsblog. https://verfassungsblog.de/human-rights-in-the-line-of-fire/
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (1998). United Nations.
Ruys, T. (2010). ‘Armed attack’ and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in customary law and practice. Cambridge University Press.
Sadāt Akhavi, S. A., & Hosseini Akbarnejād, H. (2009). The extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Journal of Private Law Studies, 39(4), 233–256. (In Persian).
Salomon, S. (2020). Economic control and attribution in international law. Human Rights Law Review, 20(3), 456–478.
Sari, A. (2015). Untangling extraterritorial jurisdiction from international responsibility in Jaloud v. Netherlands. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 13(2), 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqv001
Sobhani, M., & Bagheri, N. (2020). The nature and types of complicity liability in international criminal tribunals. Legal Studies, 12(2), 131–162. https://doi.org/10.22099/jls.2020.34341.3531 (In Persian).
Zakir Hossein, M. H. (2024). Settlement and settlement activities in occupied territories from the perspective of international criminal law. Legal Studies, 16(1), 391–426. https://doi.org/10.22099/jls.2024.49216.5090 (In Persian).
Zamani, S. Q. (2012). State responsibility for acts of private companies from the perspective of judicial and arbitral practice. Public Legal Research, 15(40), 115–140. (In Persian).
Ziyaei Bigdeli, M. R., & Tarazi, N. (2021). Analysis of attribution rules in international shared responsibility. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 51(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.22059/jplsq.2019.281810.2022 (In Persian).
Judicial Procedure
European Court of Human Rights. (2007, May 2). Behrami and Behrami v. France and Saramati v. France, Germany and Norway (Grand Chamber). App. Nos. 71412/01 & 78166/01. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-80830
European Court of Human Rights. (2010, January 7). Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia. App. No. 25965/04. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-96549
European Court of Human Rights. (2011, July 7). Al-Jedda v. United Kingdom (Grand Chamber). App. No. 27021/08. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-105612
European Court of Human Rights. (2012, September 12). Nada v. Switzerland (Grand Chamber). App. No. 10593/08. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-113118
European Court of Human Rights. (2012, October 19). Catan and Others v. Moldova and Russia (Grand Chamber). App. Nos. 43370/04, 8252/05 & 18454/06. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-114082
European Court of Human Rights. (2014, September 16). Hassan v. United Kingdom (Grand Chamber). App. No. 29750/09. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-146501
European Court of Human Rights. (2014, November 20). Jaloud v. Netherlands (Grand Chamber). App. No. 47708/08. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-148367
European Court of Human Rights. (2015, June 16). Chiragov and Others v. Armenia (Grand Chamber). App. No. 13216/05. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-155353
European Court of Human Rights. (2016, February 23). Mozer v. Moldova and Russia (Grand Chamber). App. No. 11138/10. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-161055
European Court of Human Rights. (2020, December 16). Ukraine v. Russia (re Crimea) (Grand Chamber). App. Nos. 20958/14 & 38334/18. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-207622
European Court of Human Rights. (2021, January 21). Georgia v. Russia (II) (Grand Chamber). App. No. 38263/08. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-207757
European Court of Human Rights. (2024, February 20). Guide on Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights: Obligation to respect human rights – Concepts of "jurisdiction" and imputability. https://ks.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr-ks/guide-on-article-1-obligation-to-respect-human-rights
European Court of Human Rights. (2025, July 9). Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia (Grand Chamber). App. Nos. 8019/16, 43800/14, 28525/20 & 11055/22. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-244292
International Court of Justice. (1986, June 27). Military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). https://www.icj-cij.org/case/70
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). (2003). Prosecutor v. Galić, Case No. IT-98-29-A, Judgment.