This study explores the impact of governance indicators, , on economic growth across different income groups. Using dynamic panel data estimation with the one-step system GMM method, we analyze data from low-income (15 country), lower-middle-income (40 country), upper-middle-income (40 country), and high-income economies (52 country) in 2007-2022. The findings suggest that governance indicators have varying effects on economic growth depending on the income group. The analysis reveals that the impact of governance indicators on economic growth varies significantly across income groups. In low-income economies, "Control of Corruption" and "Regulatory Quality" have the strongest positive effects, emphasizing the critical role of governance improvements in fostering growth in these settings. For lower-middle-income economies, the "Rule of Law" and "Government Effectiveness" are key drivers, reflecting the importance of legal frameworks and efficient public services during economic transitions. In upper-middle-income economies, "Government Effectiveness" and "Voice and Accountability" are significant, though the moderate coefficients suggest structural and external constraints limit governance's role in driving growth. For high-income economies, "Regulatory Quality," "Rule of Law," and "Political Stability" are essential for sustaining growth, highlighting the role of efficient, stable, and innovation-friendly institutions. These findings underscore the evolving importance of governance indicators across development stages and the need for tailored institutional priorities to maximize growth potential. Interestingly, COVID-19 had a significant negative impact on economic growth across all groups, though its magnitude varied. The results show that the negative impact of the Corona shock on economic growth has increased as countries' income levels have decreased |