Arrhenius, S. (1896). On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 41(5), 237-276.

Barghouti, S. (2009). Climate change in the MENA region: Effects on water and agriculture. Launch Conference, 13-14. May 2009, Rome, Italy.

Bretschger, L., & Pattakou, A. (2019). As bad as it gets: How climate damage functions affect growth and the social cost of carbon. Environ Resource Econ, 72, 5-26.

Coady, M. D., Parry, I., Le, N. P., & Shang, B. (2019). Global fossil fuel subsidies remain large: An update based on country-level estimates. International Monetary Fund.

Deke, O., Hooss, K. G., Kasten, C., Klepper, G., & Springer, K. (2001). Economic impact of climate change: Simulations with a regionalized climate-economy model. Kiel Working Paper.

Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2009). Temperature and income: Reconciling new cross-sectional and panel estimates. American Economic Review, 99(2), 198-204.

Delpiazzo, E., Parrado, R., & Standardi, G. (2015). Phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies: Implications for emissions, GDP and public budget. CMCC Research Paper, (RP0275).

Douglas, B. (2019). How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change. In Geneva: World Economic Forum.

El-Katiri, L. (2014). A roadmap for renewable energy in the Middle East and North Africa. The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.

Eriksson, M. (2020). Afforestation and avoided deforestation in a multi-regional integrated assessment model. Ecological Economics, 169(1), 106452.

Erickson, P., Down, A., Lazarus, M., & Koplow, D. (2017). Effect of subsidies to fossil fuel companies on United States crude oil production. Nature Energy, 2, 891-898.

Farmer, J. D., Hepburn, C., Mealy, P., & Teytelboym, A. (2015). A third wave in the economics of climate change. Environ Resour Econ, 62, 329-357.

Fankhauser, S., & Tol, R. (1996). Climate change costs: Recent advancements in the economic assessment. Energy Policy.

Global Carbon Atlas. (2020). CO2 Emissions. www.globalcarbonatlas.org. Retrieved 2020-04-10.

Gbetibouo, G., & Hassan R. (2005). Economic impact of climate change on major South African field crops: A Ricardian approach. Global and Planetary Change, 47, 143-152.

IPCC Fourth Assessment, Mitigation. (2007). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change.

IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151.

IPCC. (2014b). Summary for policymakers. In: Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1-32.

IPCC. (2021). Climate change, the physical science basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, A.N. Pirani and S.L. Connors (eds.)]. IPCC, Switzerland, 25.

IMF Working Paper. (2019). Global fossil fuel subsidies remain large: An update based on country-level estimates. Prepared by David Coady, Ian Parry, Nghia-Piotr Le, and Baoping Shang.

International Energy Agency. (2018a). Fossil fuel subsidies. Retrieved From https://www.iea.org/weo/energysubsidies/.

Jewell, J., McCollum, D., Emmerling, J., Bertram, C., Gernaat, D. E. H. J., Krey, V., & Riahi, K. (2018). Limited emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal except in energy-exporting regions. Nature, 554(7691), 229-233.

Karami, N. (2019). The modality of climate change in the middle east: Drought or drying up? The Journal of Interrupted Studies, 2(1), 118-140.

Kendrick, D. A. (2007). Computational economics. Princeton University Press. Handbook Utility Management, 725-739.

Liu, L., Huang, C. Z., Huang, G., Baetz, B., & Pittendrigh, S. M. (2018). How a carbon tax will affect an emission-intensive economy: A case study of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Energy, 159, 817-826.

MENAra. (2020). The MENA region in the global energy markets. MENAra Project.

Mikhail, A. S. (2009). Impacts of climate change on wheat in England and Wales. Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

Moore, F. C., & Diaz, D. B. (2015). Temperature impacts on economic growth warrant stringent mitigation policy. Nat Clim Change, 5, 127-131.

Muhammad, B. (2019). Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in developed. Emerging and Middle East and North Africa Countries, 179, 232-245.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020). Rapid expert consultations on the COVID-19 pandemic: March 14, 2020-April 8, 2020.‏

National Intelligence Council. (2021). Climate change and international responses increasing challenges to US national security through 2040. National Intelligence Estimate, NIC-NIE-2021-10030-A.

NASA .(2021). Global land-ocean temperature index. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.  http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp.

Nordhaus, W. D. (1992). An optimal transition path for controlling greenhouse gases. Science, 258(5086), 1315-1319.

Nordhaus, W. D. (2007). The challenge of global warming: Economic models and environmental policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 4.

Nordhaus, W. D., & Boyer, J. (2000). Warming the world: Economic models of global warming. Cambridge: MIT press.

Nordhaus, W. D., & Paul, S. (2013). DICE 2013R: Introduction and user’s manual. Available From at http://www.econ.yale.edu/˜nordhaus/homepage/, October 2013.

Nordhaus, W. D., & Yang, Z. (1996). A regional dynamic general-equilibrium model of alternative climate-change strategies. The American Economic Review, 741-765.‏

OECD/IEA (2020). The netherlands’ effort to phase out and rationalise its fossil-fuel subsidies: An OECD/IEA review of fossil-fuel subsidies in the Netherlands. https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/publication/2020-OECD-IEA-review-of-fossil-fuel-subsidiesin-the-Netherlands.pdf (accessed on 6 April 2021).

OECD/IEA (2018). Update on recent progress in reform of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption. https://www.oecd.org/fossil-fuels/publication/updateprogress-reform-fossil-fuel-subsidies-g20.pdf (accessed on 2 April 2021).

Planton, S., Driouech, F., Rhaz, K. E., & Lionello, P. (2016). The climate of the Mediterranean regions in the future climate projections. IRD Éditions. 83-91.

Péridy, N., Brunetto, M., & Ghoneim, A. (2012). The economic costs of climate change in MENA countries: A micro-spatial quantitative assessment and a survey of policies. Femise, Marseille.

Revesz, R. L., Peter, H., Kenneth A., Lawrence H., Goulder, R. E., Kopp, M. A., Livermore, M. O., & Thomas, S. (2014). Global warming: Improve economic models of climate change. Nature, 508, 173-175.

Ripple,  J.,  Christopher W., Thomas M., Newsome, W., Gregg, T., Lenton, P., Jasper A., Elkelboom, B., Law, S., Philip D., & Johan R. (2021). World scientists’ warning of a climate emergency 2021. Oxford University Press on Behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 44, 1-5.

Roson, R., & Sartori, M. (2016). Estimation of climate change damage functions for 140 regions in the GTAP9. Database, IEFE Working Paper Series Working Paper, Bocconi University, 86.

Sanderson, J., & Islam, S. M. N. (2009). Adaptation policy options for climate change in South East Asia. International Journal of Environmental Creation, 9(1-2), 43-56.

Sdralevich, M. C. A., Sab, M., Zouhar, M. Y., & Albertin, M. G. (2014). Subsidy reform in the Middle East and North Africa. Recent Progress and Challenges Ahead.

Simone, T. (2019). The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers. Energy Strategy Reviews, 26, 100397.

Statistical Review of World Energy. (2016). bp.com/statisticalreview#BPstats.

Stern, N. (2013). The structure of economic modeling of the potential impacts of climate change: Grafting gross underestimation of risk onto already narrow science models. J Econ Lit, 51, 838-859.

Stern, N., & Stern, N. H. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Available at http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk.

Traeger, C. (2015). A 4-stated DICE: Quantitatively addressing uncertainty effects in climate change. Environ Resource Econ, 59, 1-37.

Wang, Y., Almazrooei, S. A., Kapsalyamova, Z., Diabat, A., & Tsai, I. T. (2016). Utility subsidy reform in Abu Dhabi: A review and a computable general equilibrium analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 1352-1362.

World Bank Web Site. (2019). GDP per capita (current US$) – OECD members. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=OE.

Yang, B., Ali, M., Hashmi, S. H., & Shabir, M. (2020). Income inequality and CO2 emissions in developing countries: The moderating role of financial instability. Sustainability, 12, 6810.

Zittis, G., Hadjinicolaou, P., Almazroui, M., Bucchignani, E., Driouech, F., Rhaz, K.,  Kurnaz, L., Nikulin, G., Ntoumos, A., Ozturk, T., Proestos, Y., Stenchikov, G., Zaaboul, R., & Lelieveld, J. (2021). Business-as-usual will lead to super and ultra-extreme heatwaves in the Middle East and North Africa. Climate and Atmospheric Science, 4, 20.