| تعداد نشریات | 24 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 881 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,867 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 14,709,155 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 12,557,029 |
Gender and the Factors Affecting Child Labor in Iran: an Application of IV-TOBIT Model | ||
| Iranian Journal of Economic Studies | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 6، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 11، شهریور 2017، صفحه 7-28 اصل مقاله (975.99 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22099/ijes.2017.25423.1334 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Teimour Mohammadi* 1؛ Zahra Karimi Moughari2؛ Sahand Ebrahimi Pourfaez3 | ||
| 1Faculty of Economics, Allame Tabatabaie University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Economics, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. | ||
| 3Department of Economics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| In this paper we first intend to examine the probability of falling into the realm of child labor by using conditional probability theorem. Furthermore, we will compare the extent of each factor’s effect on boys and girls using a TOBIT regression model. Finally we will analyze aspects of Iran’s labor market to assess the future ahead of the children who work at present. As the results will show, the probability of not attending school conditional on being male is 0.081, whereas the same probability conditional on being female is 0.12. More probability scores are estimated in the paper. Moreover, the results from the TOBIT regression shows that in general boys are more affected than the girls by the same factors. Also, based on the macro statistics published by Iran’s Statistical Center, the graduation of numerous people from graduate schools combined with the low and slow rate of economic growth makes it quite difficult to find a decent work in the country. As a result, the skilled labor force will be content with accepting low wage jobs which are more suitable for the unskilled workers. Therefore, those who left school earlier in their lives will face several problems in the future. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Child Labor؛ The Wealth Paradox؛ The Luxury Axiom؛ TOBIT models؛ Labor Market | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
References
Bandara, A., Dehejia, R., & Lavie, S. (2014). Impact of income and non-income shocks on child labor, Working Paper No 118. Retrieved from United Nations University: http://www.wider.unu.edu/ Basu, K., & Van, P. H. (1998). The economics of child labor. American Economic Review, 88(3), 412-427. Beegle, K., Dehejia, R. H., & Gatti, R. (2006). Child labor and agricultural shocks. Journal of Development Economics, 81(1), 80-96. Beegle, K., Dehejia, R., Gatti, R., & Krutikova, S. (2008). The consequences of child labor: Evidence from longitudinal data in rural Tanzania. Washington, DC: World Bank. Bhalotra, S., & Heady, C. (2003). Child farm labor: The wealth paradox. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 197-227. Binswanger, H. P., & McIntire, J. (1987). Behavioral and material determinants of production relations in land-abundant tropical agriculture. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36(1), 73-99. Cain, M. (1982). Perspectives on family and fertility in developing countries. Population Studies, 36(2), 159-175. Dillon, A. (2012). Child labor and schooling responses to production and health shocks in northern Mali. Journal of African economies, 22(2), 276-299. Dumas, C. (2007). Why do parents make their children work? A test of the poverty hypothesis in rural areas of Burkina Faso. Oxford Economic Paper, 59(2), 301-329. Dumas, C. (2013). Market imperfections and child labor. World Development, 42(1), 127-142. Dumas, C. (2015). Shocks and child labor, Working Paper No 458. Retrieved from Université de Fribourg: http://doc.rero.ch/. Duryea, S., Lam, D., & Levison, D. (2007). Effects of economic shocks on children's employment and schooling in Brazil. Journal of development economics, 84(1), 188-214. Ebrahimi-Pourfaez, S. (2012). The Status of Decent Work Indicators among Chosen Developing Countries. Master’s Thesis. Faculty of Economics. University of Mazandaran. Ersado, L. (2005). Child labor and schooling decisions in urban and rural areas: Comparative evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe. World Development, 33(3), 455-480. Fan, C. S. (2011). The luxury axiom, the wealth paradox, and child labor. Journal of Economic Development, 36(3), 25-45. Kambhampati, U. S., & Ranjan, R. (2006). Economic growth: A panacea for child labor? World Development, 34(3), 426-445. Keshavarz-Haddad, G., & Borhani, F. (2012). Bargaining in the Family and Time Allocation of Spouses: Case Study of the Effects of Gender on Individual Labor Supply in Iran. Journal of Economics Studies, (4)47, 155 – 177 [In Persian]. Keshavarz-Haddad, G., Nazarpour, M., & Seifi-Kafshgari, M. (2014). Child Labor among Iranian Households. Economic Policies, University of Mofid, 7(26), 125 – 143 [In Persian]. Kruger, D. I. (2007). Coffee production effects on child labor and schooling in rural Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 82(2), 448-463. Landmann, A., & Frölich, M. (2015). Can health-insurance help prevent child labor? An impact evaluation from Pakistan. Journal of Health Economics, 39(1), 51-59. Lima, L. R., Mesquita, S., & Wanamaker, M. (2015). Child labor and the wealth paradox: The role of altruistic parents. Economics Letters, 130(1), 80-82. Morduch, J. (1999). Between the state and the market: Can informal insurance patch the safety net? The World Bank Research Observer, 14(2), 187-207. Pörtner, C. C. (2001). Children as insurance. Journal of Population Economics, 14(1), 119-136. Ranjan, P. (2001). Credit constraints and the phenomenon of child labor. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 81-102. Ravallion, M., & Chaudhuri, S. (1997). Risk and insurance in village India: Comment. Econometrica, 65(1), 171-184. Tobin, J. (1958). Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables. Econometrica, 26(1), 24-36. Townsend, R. M. (1994). Risk and insurance in village India. Econometrica, 62(3), 539-591. Zeldes, S. P. (1989). Consumption and liquidity constraints: An empirical investigation. The Journal of Political Economy, 97(2), 305-346. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,578 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,363 |
||